FERTILITY

Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. or the ability to conceive and bear children or the ability to become pregnant through normal sexual activity. As a measure, fertility rate is the number of offspring born per mating pair, individual or population.
Infertility refers to an inability to conceive after having regular unprotected sex. Infertility can also refer to the biological inability of an individual to contribute to conception, or to a female who cannot carry a pregnancy to full term.

 Infertility is a growing problem in Nigeria. It occurs when a poor reproductive system, impairs the ability of the body to perform necessary functions of reproduction.Infertility affects nearly 25% of couples in Nigeria.Expert claim that 40-45% of all consultations in gynecological clinics are infertility-related.
Types of infertility

• Primary infertility: where a woman who has never conceived a child in the past has difficulty conceiving and;
• Secondary infertility: where a mother who has had one or more pregnancies in the past, is having difficulty conceiving again. 
• Causes of infertility
•  There are many causes of infertility, and fertility problems can affect either both men and women. 
• Causes of Male Infertility:
  • Azoospermia (absence of sperm): Blockage between the testes and seminal vesicles, due to injury or scarring of infections like Gonorrhoeae and Tuberculosis (TB), and can also be congenital.
  • Oligospermia (low sperm count): Due to infection of the genital tract (prostate gland), drugs like marijuana, antidepressants, antihypertensives as well as stress, hormones, obesity, smoking, alcoholism etc.
  • Abnormal sperm: High percentage of abnormalities in shape and size, due to hormonal problems or infections.
  •Autoimmunity: Antibodies are made which attack the sperm and reduce the living sperm count.
  • Premature ejaculation.
  • Impotence.
  Causes of Female Infertility:
  1. Failure to ovulate, which may either be hormonal origin or adverse effect of drugs, which might have effect on follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) surge.
  2. Damage to the oviduct, cervix and uterus, due to infections like STIs, PID/IUD, adverse effects of drugs and probably as a result of abortion and miscarriage.
  3.  Antibody to sperm: This can be found in the cervix, uterus and oviducts.
  Treatment
   In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT), Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT), Donor Insemination (DI) or Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID), Artificial Insemination by Husband or Partner (AIH), Egg Donation, Surrogacy and Sub-zonal Insemination (SUZI) or Micro-insemination Sperm Transfer (MIST) ,surgical operation.These problems could be solved through hormonal balance.Use of  hormonal/fertility supplements is however recommended before all other options.
  Male Supplements                           Female Supplements
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