OVERWEIGHT/ OBESITY

Overweight is having more body fat than is optimally healthy. Being overweight is common especially where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sedentary. Excess weight has reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults being either overweight or obese in 2003.
The terms "overweight" and "obesity" refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height. The most useful measure of overweight and obesity is body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated from your height and weight.

Millions of  people worldwide are overweight or obese. Being overweight or obese puts you at risk for many health problems. The more body fat that you have and the more you weigh, the more likely you are to develop:

• Coronary Heart Disease
• High Blood Pressure
• Type 2 diabetes
• Gallstones
• Breathing problems
• Certain cancers

If you have abdominal obesity and most of your fat is around your waist rather than at your hips, you're at increased risk for Coronary Heart Disease   and type 2 diabetes. The risk goes up with a waist size that's greater than 35 inches for women or greater than 40 inches for men.
Your weight is the result of many factors. These factors include environment, family history and genetics, metabolism (the way your body changes food and oxygen into energy), behavior or habits, and more.
You can't change some factors, such as family history. However, you can change other factors, such as your lifestyle habits.
For example, follow a healthy eating plan and keep your calorie needs in mind. Be physically active and try to limit the amount of time that you're inactive

Body Mass Index for Adults 

Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults.

Use this table to learn your BMI. First, find your height(feet/inch) on the far left column. Next, move across the row to find your weight (KG). Weight is measured with underwear but no shoes.
Once you've found your weight, move to the very top of that column. This number is your BMI.

Height	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
4'10"	45	47	49	52	53	56	58	60	62	64	67
5'0"	48	50	53	55	58	60	62	64	67	69	71
5'1"	50	52	55	57	59	62	64	67	69	71	74
5'3"	53	56	58	61	63	66	68	71	73	76	79
5'5"	57	59	62	65	68	70	73	76	78	81	84
5'7"	60	63	66	69	72	75	78	80	83	86	89
5'9"	64	67	70	73	76	79	82	85	88	92	94
5'11"	68	71	74	78	81	84	87	90	94	97	100
6'1"	72	75	78	82	85	89	92	96	99	102	106
6'3"	76	79	83	87	90	94	97	101	105	108	112

This table offers a sample of BMI measurements.

What Does Body Mass Index Mean?
 

BMI
18.5–24.9	Normal weight
25.0–29.9	Overweight
30.0–39.9	Obese
40.0 and above	Extreme obesity

Although BMI can be used for most men and women, it does have some limits. It may overestimate body fat in athletes and others who have a muscular build. BMI also may underestimate body fat in older people and others who have lost muscle.
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POISONING

      Poison is anything that kills or injures through its chemical actions. Most poisons are swallowed (ingested). The word poison comes from the Latin word - potare - meaning to drink. Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching or injecting various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases. Many substances — such as drugs and carbon monoxide — are poisonous only in higher concentrations or dosages. And others — such as cleaners — are dangerous only if ingested. But poisons can also enter the body in other ways:

• By breathing
• Through the skin
• By IV injection
• From exposure to radiation
• Venom from a snake bite or insect bite

  Poisoning Causes

  Poisons include highly toxic chemicals not meant for human ingestion or contact, such as cyanide, paint thinners, or household cleaning products.
  Many poisons, however, are substances meant for humans to eat, including foods and medicines.Foods;
• Some mushrooms are poisonous
• Drinking water contaminated by agricultural or industrial chemicals
• Food that has not been properly prepared or handled

  Drugs

Drugs that are helpful in therapeutic doses may be deadly when taken in excess.
Examples include:

• Beta blockers: Beta blockers are a class of drugs used to treat heart conditions (for example, angina, abnormal heart rithym) and other conditions, (for example, high blood pressure, migraine headache prevention, social phobia, and certain types of tremors). In excess, they can cause difficulty breathing, coma, and heart failure.
• Warfarin (Coumadin): coumadin is a blood thinner used to prevent blood clots. It is the active ingredient in many rat poisons and may cause heavy bleeding and death if too much is taken.
• Vitamins: Vitamins, especially A and D, if taken in large amounts can cause liver problems and death.

•  Poisoning SymptomsSigns and symptoms of poisoning are so wide and variable that there is no easy way to classify them.
• Some poisons enlarge the pupils, while others shrink them.
• Some result in excessive drooling, while others dry the mouth and skin.
• Some speed the heart, while others slow the heart.
• Some increase the breathing rate, while others slow it.
• Some cause pain, while others are painless.
• Some cause hyperactivity, while others cause drowsiness. Confusion is often seen with these symptoms.Almost every possible sign or symptom of a poisoning can also be caused by a non-poison-related medical problem.
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FIBROID

FIBROID is a benign tumor of muscular and fibrous tissues, typically developing in the wall of the uterus.

Fibroids are the most frequently seen tumors of the female reproductive system. Fibroids, also known as uterine myomas, leiomyomas, or fibromas, are firm, compact tumors that are made of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue that develop in the uterus. It is estimated that between 20 to 50 percent of women of reproductive age have fibroids, although not all are diagnosed. Some estimates state that up to 30 to 77 percent of women will develop fibroids sometime during their childbearing years, although only about one-third of these fibroids are large enough to be detected by a health care provider during a physical examination. OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE women have a significantly higher risk of developing fibroids, compared with women of normal weight.
In more than 99 percent of fibroid cases, the tumors are benign (non-cancerous). These tumors are not associated with cancer and do not increase a woman's risk for uterine cancer. They may range in size, from the size of a pea to the size of a softball or size of a bean to as large as a melon.

Types Of Fibroids

• Intramural - located in the wall of the uterus, this is the most common type.
• Subserosal fibroids - located outside the wall of the uterus but underneath the tissue layer that surrounds the uterus. They can develop into pedunculated fibroids (stalks) and become quite large.
• Submucosal fibroids - located in the muscle beneath the lining of the uterus wall. This type can protrude into the cavity of the uterus.
• Cervical fibroids - located in the neck of the womb (the cervix).

Causes Of Fibroids

Experts cannot come to a common consensus about why fibroids occur.
During a woman's reproductive years, estrogen and progesterone levels are high. When estrogen levels are high, especially during pregnancy, fibroids tend to swell. When estrogen levels are low, fibroids may shrink, for example, during a woman's menopause
Heredity may also be a factor; women whose close relatives have had fibroids have a higher risk of developing them.
There is also some evidence that red meats, alcohol, and caffeine could increase the risk of fibroids. Also, an increased intake of fruit and vegetables might reduce the risk.

Symptoms of uterine fibroids

Most women have no symptoms, but around 1 in 3 will experience symptoms, which may include:

• Anemia (as a result of heavy periods)
• Backache
• Constipation
• Discomfort in the lower abdomen (especially if fibroids are large)
• Frequent urination
• Heavy, painful periods
• Pain in the legs
• Painful sex
• Swelling in the lower abdomen (especially if fibroids are large)

Other possible symptoms of uterine fibroids include:

• Labor problems
• Pregnancy problems
• Fertility problems
• Repeated miscarriages

Fibroid Diagnosis

MRI - this is the best type of imaging to determine the size of fibroids and if there are multiple fibroids in the uterus. However, MRI can be quite expensive.

Treatments for fibroids

If the woman has no symptoms and the fibroids are not affecting her day-to-day life, she may receive no treatment at all. Even women who have heavy periods but whose lives are not badly affected by this symptom may also opt for no treatment.
During menopause, fibroids usually shrink, and symptoms will often become less apparent, or disappear altogether.
When treatment is necessary, it may be in the form of medication or surgery.
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FERTILITY

Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. or the ability to conceive and bear children or the ability to become pregnant through normal sexual activity. As a measure, fertility rate is the number of offspring born per mating pair, individual or population.
Infertility refers to an inability to conceive after having regular unprotected sex. Infertility can also refer to the biological inability of an individual to contribute to conception, or to a female who cannot carry a pregnancy to full term.

 Infertility is a growing problem in Nigeria. It occurs when a poor reproductive system, impairs the ability of the body to perform necessary functions of reproduction.Infertility affects nearly 25% of couples in Nigeria.Expert claim that 40-45% of all consultations in gynecological clinics are infertility-related.
Types of infertility

• Primary infertility: where a woman who has never conceived a child in the past has difficulty conceiving and;
• Secondary infertility: where a mother who has had one or more pregnancies in the past, is having difficulty conceiving again. 
• Causes of infertility
•  There are many causes of infertility, and fertility problems can affect either both men and women. 
• Causes of Male Infertility:
  • Azoospermia (absence of sperm): Blockage between the testes and seminal vesicles, due to injury or scarring of infections like Gonorrhoeae and Tuberculosis (TB), and can also be congenital.
  • Oligospermia (low sperm count): Due to infection of the genital tract (prostate gland), drugs like marijuana, antidepressants, antihypertensives as well as stress, hormones, obesity, smoking, alcoholism etc.
  • Abnormal sperm: High percentage of abnormalities in shape and size, due to hormonal problems or infections.
  •Autoimmunity: Antibodies are made which attack the sperm and reduce the living sperm count.
  • Premature ejaculation.
  • Impotence.
  Causes of Female Infertility:
  1. Failure to ovulate, which may either be hormonal origin or adverse effect of drugs, which might have effect on follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) surge.
  2. Damage to the oviduct, cervix and uterus, due to infections like STIs, PID/IUD, adverse effects of drugs and probably as a result of abortion and miscarriage.
  3.  Antibody to sperm: This can be found in the cervix, uterus and oviducts.
  Treatment
   In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT), Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT), Donor Insemination (DI) or Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID), Artificial Insemination by Husband or Partner (AIH), Egg Donation, Surrogacy and Sub-zonal Insemination (SUZI) or Micro-insemination Sperm Transfer (MIST) ,surgical operation.These problems could be solved through hormonal balance.Use of  hormonal/fertility supplements is however recommended before all other options.
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Prostate Cancer

                  

What is prostate cancer?

Prostate cancer occurs when abnormal cells develop in the prostate. These abnormal cells can continue to multiply in an uncontrolled way and sometimes spread outside the prostate into nearby or distant parts of the body.
Prostate cancer is generally a slow growing disease and the majority of men with low grade prostate cancer live for many years without symptoms and without it spreading and becoming life-threatening. However, high grade disease spreads quickly and can be lethal. Appropriate management is key.

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WHAT IS THE PROSTATE?

Only men have a prostate. It is a small gland that sits below the bladder near the rectum. It surrounds the urethra, the passage in the penis through which urine and semen pass.
The prostate gland is part of the male reproductive system. It produces most of the fluid that makes up semen that enriches sperm. The prostate needs the male hormone testosterone to grow and develop.
The prostate is often described as being the size of a walnut and it is normal for it to grow as men age. Sometimes this can cause problems, such as difficulty urinating. These problems are common in older men and not always symptoms or signs of cancer.

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WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?

In the early stages, there may be no symptoms. In the later stages, some symptoms of prostate cancer might include:

• Feeling the frequent or sudden need to urinate
• Finding it difficult to urinate (for example, trouble starting or not being able to urinate when the feeling is there or poor urine flow)
• Discomfort when urinating
• Finding blood in urine or semen
• Pain in the lower back, upper thighs or hips.

These symptoms may not mean you have prostate cancer, but if you experience any of them, go and see your doctor.

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WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS?

Factors that are most strongly linked to an increased chance of developing prostate cancer:

• Age: Prostate cancer is an age-dependent disease, which means the chance of developing it increases with age. The risk of getting prostate cancer by the age of 75 is 1 in 7 men. By the age of 85, this increases to 1 in 5.
• Family history: If you have a first degree male relative with prostate cancer, you have a higher chance of developing it than men with no such history. The risk increases again if more than one male relative has prostate cancer. Risks are also higher for men whose male relatives were diagnosed when young.

Men over age 50, or 40 with a family history of prostate cancer, should talk to their doctor about testing for prostate cancer using the PSA test and DRE as part of their annual health check-up. Men should make an individual informed decision about testing based on the latest available evidence on the benefits and potential harms of testing and subsequent treatment for prostate cancer.
•••

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OTHER FACTORS THAT MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF DEVELOPING PROSTATE CANCER:

Factors that are most strongly linked to an increased chance of developing prostate cancer:

• Genetics: Genes are found in every cell of the body. They control the way the cells in the body grow and behave. Every person has a set of many thousands of genes inherited from both parents. Changes to genes can increase the risk of prostate cancer being passed from parent to child. Although prostate cancer can’t be inherited, a man can inherit genes that can increase the risk.
• Diet: There is some evidence to suggest that eating a lot of processed meat or food that is high in fat can increase the risk of developing prostate cancer.
• Lifestyle: There is evidence to show that environment and lifestyle can affect the risk of developing prostate cancer.

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HOW IS PROSTATE CANCER DETECTED AND DIAGNOSED?

A doctor will usually do a blood test and/or physical examination to check the health of the prostate.

• Blood test (Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test): The result shows whether there is an increase in this specific protein. Depending on the result, you might need further investigation by a specialist. A high PSA test result does not necessarily mean cancer. Prostate diseases other than cancer can also cause a higher than normal PSA level.
• Digital Rectal Examination (DRE): Because of where the prostate is located, the doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to check the size of the prostate and assess if there are any abnormalities. A normal DRE result does not rule out prostate cancer.
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Goitre

A goitre (sometimes spelt "goiter") is a swelling of the thyroid gland that causes a lump to form in the front of the neck. The lump will move up and down when you swallow.
The thyroid gland is a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, just in front of the windpipe (trachea). It produces thyroid hormones, which help regulate the body's metabolism, the chemical processes that occur in the body.
The size of a goitre can vary from person to person. In most cases, the swelling is small and doesn't cause any symptoms.

In more severe cases, the symptoms may include:

• coughing
• a tight feeling in your throat
• changes to your voice, such as hoarsenes
• difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
• difficulty breathing – there may be a high-pitched sound when you breathe (stridor)

Diagnosing a goitre

If you think you have a goitre, see your GP. They'll examine your neck to see whether your thyroid gland is swollen, and may request a thyroid function test to see how well your thyroid gland is working.
A thyroid function test measures the level of certain hormones (chemicals produced by the body) in your blood.
It can show whether you have an underactive or overactive thyroid, both of which are associated with goitre.
If necessary, you may be referred to a specialist in hospital for further tests or treatment.
Read more about how a goitre is diagnosed.

Treating a goitre

The treatment for a goitre depends on the underlying cause. If the goitre is small and isn't causing any problems, a wait-and-see approach is usually recommended.
Other possible treatments include radioiodine treatment and thyroid surgery.
Although most goitres are usually non-cancerous (benign), it's estimated that in 1 in 20 cases they may be a sign of thyroid cancer.
.

Causes of a goitre

A goitre can have several possible causes, including:

• an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism)
• an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism)
• hormone changes during puberty, pregnancy or the menopause
• not enough iodine (a trace mineral found in fish and plant foods) in your diet
• taking some types of medication – such as lithium, a medication often used to treat a number of mental health conditions
• an inflamed thyroid gland (thyroiditis)
• having radiation treatment to your neck or chest area – such as radiotherapy for neck cancer
• nodules or cysts within the thyroid – most are benign, but should be assessed
• thyroid cancer – a rare type of cancer in the UK

Anyone can develop a goitre, but the chances increase with age. Women are also more likely to develop a goitre.

Types of goitre

There are two main types of goitre:

• Diffuse goitre – where the entire thyroid gland swells and feels smooth to the touch
• Nodular goitre – where solid or fluid-filled lumps called nodules develop within the thyroid and make the thyroid gland feel lumpy to touch; the nodules can be single or multiple and may contain fluid (cysts).
•  
•  In cases caused by overactive thyroid/hyperthyroidism and underactive  thyroid/hypothyroidism  treatment is with medication. 
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